Geography Basics (Part-1)

Geography Basics for Class 6th - 12th

UNIVERSE - All existing matter and space as a whole is known as the universe. It is also known as Cosmos.

GALAXY - It consists of stars, dust, and dark matter. Billions of Galaxies are present in space.

Milkyway Galaxy - It consists of a star that is the Sun. dozens of moons, millions of Solar systems- asteroids and comets, and 8 planets.

Asteroid Belt- Small rocky objects orbiting the sun like planets. They are present in between the planets Mars and Jupiter.

Kuiper Belt - It is the outer part of the Solar system Present besides the planet, Neptune. It consists of Icy objects of Frozen gases, rock, and dust that orbit around the Sun. 

Comet - It is the Icy object of Frozen gases, rocks, and dust, present in the Kuiper belt.

SUN - It is the star that is at the center of the solar system.

PLANETS - There are 8 planets.

• 4 are rocky planets - Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.
• 2 are gas giants - Jupiter and Saturn (Composed of Hydrogen and Helium).
• 2 are Ice giants- Uranus and Neptune

Rocky planets    

Mercury     

Venus

Earth

Mars

Gas giants

Jupiter

Saturn

Ice giants

Uranus

Neptune

Way to Remember all planets according to their position in the Solar system-

Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter

MY VERY  EFFICIENT MOTHER JUST

Saturn    Uranus Neptune

SERVED US NUTS

Big to Small Planets-

1- Jupiter 5-Earth

2-Saturn 6-Venus

3-Uranus 7-Mars

4-Neptune 8-Mercury

When an asteroid survives a trip through the atmosphere (mesosphere) and hits the ground it is called a Meteorite.

When an asteroid enters the earth’s atmosphere opposite to the direction of the earth’s rotation is known as Bolide.

When the bolide survives the burning in the atmosphere and hits the ground it is known as Tektite.

Moons

Mercury - No moon

Venus - No moon

Earth - 1 moon

Mars - 2 moons - Phobos and Deimos

Jupiter- 79 Moons (Famous - Europa Moon, Callisto Moon)

Biggest Moon in the Solar system - Ganymede Moon

Saturn - 53 moons - known

 29 moons - unknown

Total 82 moons, If all moons confirmed.

(Famous - Minas, Enceladus, Tethys, Titan- It has its own atmosphere)

Uranus - 27 moons

Neptune - 14 moons (Famous -Triton - It is as big as Pluto)

Lunar Eclipse - Sun ) Earth ) Moon) - Forms Full Moon

Solar Eclipse - Sun) Moon) Earth) - Forms a New Moon

Why is the sky blue?-

The radiation coming from the sun's light reach the ocean and reflect back into the atmosphere. During this process, blue light scatters the most than other (VIBGYOR) colours.

V- Violet

I- Indigo

B- Blue

G- Green

Y-Yellow

O-Orange

R-Red

Karman Line - Boundary between Earth’s atmosphere and outer surface.

• It is between the Mesosphere and Thermosphere.
• Above the stratosphere, blue light gradually decreases up to the Karman line above which the area is black.

International space station - Present in the layer of the Thermosphere.

Satellites orbit in the Exosphere

Aurora forms in the North pole and South pole.

In the Ionosphere, the cons of the solar wind collide with atoms of oxygen and nitrogen from the earth’s atmosphere.

The energy released during these collisions causes a colourful light known as Aurora.

Ozone layer 

- It is present in the Stratosphere.

- It prevents the earth’s surface from harmful radiations coming from the sun.

Earth-

Latitude- Horizontal lines

Longitude- Vertical lines

World- Contains 7 continents and 5 oceans

Continents

North America

South America

Europe

Africa

Asia

Antarctica

Australia

Oceans

Pacific Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

Indian Ocean

Arctic Ocean

Southern Ocean

Earth

Pangea- Supercontinent approx. 225 million yrs ago 

All continents were attached to one another

GONDWANALAND - Supercontinent that existed in the southern hemisphere Approx.200 million years ago

Contain- Antarctica, India, Australia, South America and Africa.

LAURASIA- Supercontinent that existed in the northern hemisphere approx.200 million years ago.

Contain - North America, Europe and Asia.

TETHYS - An east-west trending ocean that separated Gondwanaland from Laurasia.

Asia Continent

Indian Ocean}

Surrounds ‘India’-our country

↓

Contains 28 States and 8 Union Territories

About India-

Latitudinal angle - North to South (37o6, N to 8o4, N)

Longitudinal angle - West to East (68o7, E to 97o25, NE)

Indian standard Time (IST) calculated on the basis of 82o5, E - near Mirzapur, Allahabad (Prayagraj), U.P

IST - is 5 hours, 30 mins ahead of Greenwich Meridian Time-now called Universal coordinated Time.

Ujjain (Madhya Pradesh) - Greenwich of India

Situated at the zero meridian of longitude and Tropic of Cancer intersection.

Also known as Navel of earth